Yayan (bahasa Tionghoa Kuno)
| Bahasa Yayan
雅言 | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wilayah | Tiongkok | ||||||||||
| Era | Dinasti Zhou | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
| Kode bahasa | |||||||||||
| ISO 639-3 | lzh | ||||||||||
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 Portal Bahasa | |||||||||||
| Yayan (bahasa Tionghoa Kuno) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hanzi: | 雅言 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Makna harfiah: | lisan elok | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||
Yayan adalah bentuk kuno bahasa Tionghoa yang digunakan sebagai lisan baku oleh para cendekia selama Dinasti Zhou (k. 1046 – 256 SM).[3][4]
Sejarah
Yayan disebutkan dalam Analek Konfusius, yang menyatakan:[5]
子所雅言、詩、書、執禮、皆雅言也。
Gagasan yang sering dibahas oleh Sang Guru adalah: Syair Pujian, Sejarah, dan penegakan Aturan Kesopanan. Beliau sering membahas semua hal ini.
— Analects §7.18
Meskipun ungkapan 詩書執禮 telah disepakati merujuk pada masing-masing Shijing, Shujing, dan Liji, para pakar tidak sepakat mengenai makna yang dimaksudkan dari 雅言.[6] Zheng Xuan (127–200 M) menafsirkannya sebagai berikut:
子所雅言、孔曰：「雅言、正言也。」
Sang Guru berkata: "Ucapan yang elok, merupakan ucapan pantas".鄭曰：「讀先王典法、必正言其音、然後義全、故不可有所諱。禮不誦、故言執。」
Zheng berkata: "Ketika membaca hukum dan peraturan raja-raja kuno, perlu untuk mengucapkan keadaan kata-katanya dengan benar; hanya dengan demikian kebenaran dapat menjadi sempurna. Oleh karena itu, seharusnya tidak ada pantangan. Dalam suasana penyembahyangan, pantangan tersebut tidak dibacakan, itulah sebabnya kita berbicara tentang mematuhinya.
— Ulasan dan Catatan pada Analek (論語注疏; penyunting He Yan)
Beberapa pakar menafsirkan ungkapan "bahasa yang tepat" ini sebagai kemungkinan merujuk pada bentuk baku bahasa yang digunakan oleh kaum terpelajar pada era tersebut.
Jika berdasarkan sejarah, "Yayan kemungkinan besar didasarkan pada suatu dialek bahasa Tionghoa Kuno yang dituturkan di Luoyang, ibu kota Dinasti Zhou Timur (771–256 SM).[7][8]
Rujukan
- ^ "UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger" (dalam bahasa bahasa Inggris, Prancis, Spanyol, Rusia, and Tionghoa). UNESCO. 2011. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 29 April 2022. Diakses tanggal 26 Juni 2011. Pemeliharaan CS1: Bahasa yang tidak diketahui (link)
- ^ "UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger" (PDF) (dalam bahasa Inggris). UNESCO. 2010. Diarsipkan dari asli (PDF) tanggal 31 Mei 2022. Diakses tanggal 31 Mei 2022.
- ^ Li, Yuming (2015). "Chapter 10". Language Planning in China (Edisi 4th). De Gruyter Mouton. hlm. 158. ISBN 9781614513926.
Fangyan in the archaic times literally means "languages spoken in all the lands", and in contrast there existed common speech of the Han people (differing from general lingua franca) such as yayan 'elegant speech' of the Qin Dynasty, and tongyu 'general speech' of the Han Dynasty etc.
- ^ Jie, Dong (October 2010). "The enregisterment of Putonghua in practice". Language & Communication. 30 (4): 3. doi:10.1016/j.langcom.2010.03.001.
Recent voices from Chinese historical linguists maintain that as early as Zhou dynasty (about 1046–256 BC), there was a unified pronunciation called yayan (雅言) serving as the standard language (Chen, 1999; Guo and Gao, 2003). Yayan meant 'correct language' or 'standard language' in the Classical Chinese of that time. It is believed that Yayan was the common language of the officials in the court and the language standard of intellectuals.
- ^ Pain, Frederic (September 2020). ""Giao Chỉ" (Jiaozhi 交趾) as a Diffusion Center of Middle Chinese Diachronic Changes: Syllabic Weight Contrast and Phonologisation of Its Phonetic Correlates" (PDF). Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies. 50 (3): 365.
There is quite a consensus among sinologists that this "lingua franca" across Sinitic dialects was the yayan 雅言 'decorous pronunciation' mentioned in the Analects (Analects VII.17).
- ^ Saitō, Mareshi (25 May 2023). "Chapter 4 - The Space of Cultivated Speech (Yayan 雅言): Writing and Language in the Sinographic Sphere". Cosmopolitan and Vernacular in the World of Wen 文. Brill. hlm. 146–147. ISBN 9789004529441.
All the commentaries largely agree that the expression "詩書執礼" here refers jointly to the classics of the Odes, the Documents (Shujing 書經 or Shangshu 尙書), and the Rites (Liji 禮記), but the understanding of the word "雅言" differs in old and new commentaries. According to the commentary of Zheng Xuan 鄭玄 (127–200), it meant, "he read using correct pronunciation without changing the reading out of respect/reverence (敬避),
- ^ Li, Yuming (2015). "Chapter 10". Language Planning in China (Edisi 4th). De Gruyter Mouton. hlm. 160. ISBN 9781614513926.
The pre-Qin yayan 'elegant speech' was developed on the basis of the dialect in Chengzhou (current Luoyang in Henan province) where the capital was located.
- ^ Pain, Frederic (September 2020). ""Giao Chỉ" (Jiaozhi 交趾) as a Diffusion Center of Middle Chinese Diachronic Changes: Syllabic Weight Contrast and Phonologisation of Its Phonetic Correlates" (PDF). Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies. 50 (3): 366.
The Confucian yayan was most probably based on the "lingua franca" that evolved in the Shang era and was spoken across the nowadays Henan region where political, commercial and cultural activities reached their summit throughout the late Shang era; accordingly the base dialect is customarily named the Zhongzhou 中州 (or Heluo 河洛) dialect, based on its geographical distribution, that is, the upper Central Plains centered around Luoyang 洛陽 in the Huanghe watershed (Chen 1999: 9).
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