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Sihir Eropa

Tiga Penyihir karya Hans Baldung Grien, sekitar tahun 1514

Sihir Eropa dapat ditelusuri sejak zaman klasik, kala sihir dan agama saling berdampingan. Pada era pagan dari Romawi kuno, terdapat hukum melawan sihir sajaht. Setelah penyebaran agama Kristen, Gereja Katolik pada abad pertengahan mulai melirik sihir (maleficium) sebagai perpaduan sihir gelap dan kemurtadan yang melibatkan perjanjian dengan Iblis. Pada zaman modern awal, perburuan penyihir menjadi menyebar di Eropa, sebagian disebabkan oleh ketegangan aagama, kekhawatiran masyarakat dan kebangkitan ekonomi. Keyakinan Eropa akan sihir secara bertahap meredup saat dan setelah Abad Pencerahan.

Referensi

Kutipan karya

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Bacaan tambahan

  • Aakhus, P. (2008). "Astral Magic in the Renaissance: Gems, Poetry, and Patronage of Lorenzo de' Medici". Magic, Ritual & Witchcraft. 3 (2): 185–206. doi:10.1353/mrw.0.0103. S2CID 161829239.
  • Barry, Jonathan; Hester, Marianne; Roberts, Gareth, ed. (1998). Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe: Studies in Culture and Belief. Cambridge University Press.
  • Barry, Jonathan; Davies, Owen; Usborne, Cornelie, ed. (2018). Cultures of Witchcraft in Europe from the Middle Ages to the Present. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-3-319-63784-6.
  • Brauner, Sigrid (2001). Fearless Wives and Frightened Shrews: The Construction of the Witch in Early Modern Germany. University of Massachusetts Press.
  • Briggs, Robin (1996). Witches & Neighbours: The Social and Cultural Context of European Witchcraft. Viking.
  • Callow, John (2022). The Last Witches of England, A Tragedy of Sorcery and Superstition. London: Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1788314398.
  • Clark, Stuart (1999). Thinking with Demons: The Idea of Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe. Oxford University Press.
  • Costantini, L. (2019). Magic in Apuleius' Apologia: Understanding the Charges and the Forensic Strategies in Apuleius' Speech. De Gruyter. ISBN 978-3110616590.
  • Even-Ezra, A. (Winter 2017). "Cursus: an early thirteenth century source for nocturnal flights and ointments in the work of Roland of Cremona". Magic, Ritual and Witchcraft. 12 (2): 314–330. doi:10.1353/mrw.2017.0034.
  • Elsakkers, M.J. (2010). "Article VIII: Anglo-Saxon laws on poisoning: an invitation to further investigation". Reading between the lines: Old Germanic and early Christian views on abortion. University of Amsterdam. Diakses tanggal 31 July 2013. Includes a table of Old English laws on perjury, magic, lybblac, secret murder, prostitution and idol worship listing terms used in each law.
  • Favret-Saada, Jeanne (1980). Deadly Words: Witchcraft in the Bocage. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29787-5.
  • Favret-Saada, Jeanne (2009). Désorceler (dalam bahasa Prancis). L'Olivier. ISBN 978-2-87929-639-5.
  • Flint, V. I. J. (1991). The Rise of Magic in Early Medieval Europe. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691001104.
  • Gaskill, Malcolm (2009). "Masculinity and Witchcraft in Seventeenth-century England". Dalam Rowlands, Alison (ed.). Witchcraft and Masculinities in Early Modern Europe. New York: Palgrave-Macmillan. hlm. 171–190. ISBN 978-0-230-24837-3.
  • Henderson, Lizanne (2007). "Witch-Hunting and Witch Belief in the Gàidhealtachd". Dalam Goodare, Julian; Martin, Lauren; Miller, Joyce (ed.). Witchcraft and Belief in Early Modern Scotland. Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan. hlm. 95–118. ISBN 978-0-230-50788-3.
  • Kors, Alan Charles; Peters, Edward, ed. (2000). Witchcraft in Europe, 400-1700: A Documentary History (Edisi 2nd). Philadelphia, PA: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780812217513.
  • Hutton, R. (2006). Witches, Druids and King Arthur. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-85285-555-0.
  • Monter, E. William (1972). "The historiography of European witchcraft: progress and prospects". Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 2 (4): 435–451. doi:10.2307/202315. JSTOR 202315.
  • Monter, E. William (1976). Witchcraft in France and Switzerland: the Borderlands during the Reformation. Cornell University Press.
  • Notestein, Wallace (1968). A History of Witchcraft in England from 1558 to 1718. New York: Crowell.
  • Parish, Helen, ed. (2014). Superstition and Magic in Early Modern Europe: A Reader. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4411-0032-0.
  • Pitts, John Linwood (1886). Witchcraft and Devil Lore in the Channel Islands – via Project Gutenberg.
  • Rampton, Martha, ed. (2018). European Magic and Witchcraft: A Reader. Canada: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1442634206.
  • Reissner, D. L. (Autumn 1974). "Witchcraft and Statecraft: A Materialist Analysis of the European Witch Persecutions" (PDF). Women and Revolution (7).
  • Roberts, Alexander (1616). A Treatise of Witchcraft – via Project Gutenberg.
  • Scarre, Geoffrey; Callow, John (2001). Witchcraft and Magic in Sixteenth-and Seventeenth-century Europe. Palgrave Macmillan.[tanpa ISBN]
  • Spaeth, Barbette Stanley (2014). "From Goddess to Hag: The Greek and the Roman Witch in Classical Literature". Dalam Stratton, Kimberly B.; Kalleres, Dayna S. (ed.). Daughters of Hecate: Women and Magic in the Ancient World (Edisi online). Oxford Academic. hlm. 41–70. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195342703.003.0002. ISBN 978-0-19-534270-3. Diakses tanggal 2 October 2023 – via ResearchGate.
  • Stark, Ryan J. (2009). "Demonic Eloquence". Rhetoric, Science, and Magic in Seventeenth-Century England. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press. hlm. 115–45. ISBN 978-0-8132-1578-5.
  • Waite, Gary K. (2003). Heresy, Magic and Witchcraft in early modern Europe. Palgrave Macmillan.[tanpa ISBN]
  • Worobec, Christine D. (1995). "Witchcraft Beliefs and Practices in Prerevolutionary Russian and Ukrainian Villages". The Russian Review. 54 (2): 165–187. doi:10.2307/130913. JSTOR 130913.

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