Rawasan
| Rawasan
| |
|---|---|
| Glochidion | |
| Taksonomi | |
| Kerajaan | Plantae |
| Ordo | Malpighiales |
| Famili | Phyllanthaceae |
| Genus | Glochidion Forster dan G.Forst., 1775 |
Glochidion adalah genus tumbuhan berbunga, dari famili Phyllanthaceae, yang dikenal sebagai rawasan. Terdiri dari sekitar 300 spesies, [1] tersebar dari Madagaskar hingga Kepulauan Pasifik. Spesies Glochidion digunakan sebagai tanaman pangan oleh larva beberapa spesies Lepidoptera termasuk Aenetus eximia dan Endoclita damor. Masyarakat Nicobar telah membuktikan khasiat obat yang terdapat pada G. calocarpum, dan mengatakan bahwa kulit kayu dan bijinya paling efektif dalam menyembuhkan gangguan perut yang berhubungan dengan amoebiasis. [2]
Rawasan terkenal dalam bidang biologi penyerbukan dan koevolusi karena mereka memiliki mutualisme khusus dengan ngengat dalam genus Epicephala (ngengat bunga daun), di mana ngengat secara aktif menyerbuki bunga—sehingga memastikan bahwa pohon tersebut dapat menghasilkan benih yang layak—tetapi juga bertelur di ovarium bunga, tempat larvanya mengonsumsi sebagian benih yang sedang berkembang sebagai makanan. [3] [4] [5] Spesies Epicephala lainnya adalah penyerbuk, dan dalam beberapa kasus, predator benih non-penyerbuk, dari spesies tanaman tertentu dalam genera Phyllanthus [6] [7] dan Breynia, [8] [9] keduanya berkerabat dekat dengan Glochidion. [10] Hubungan ini mirip dengan hubungan antara buah ara dan tawon ara serta yucca dan ngengat yucca.
Meskipun genus Glochidion hanya berasal dari Dunia Lama, spesies Glochidion puberum di Asia Timur telah dinaturalisasi di beberapa lokasi di negara bagian Alabama, AS. [11] [12]
Dalam Phyllanthaceae revisi tahun 2006, direkomendasikan agar Glochidion dimasukkan ke dalam Phyllanthus. [13] Kombinasi baru di Phyllanthus telah dipublikasikan untuk Madagaskar [14] dan Kepulauan Pasifik, [15] tetapi sebagian besar masih belum dipublikasikan.
Daftar spesies
Glochidion adalah sebuah genus tumbuhan berbunga dalam famili Phyllanthaceae. Ada 328 spesies yang diterima per Juni 2024.[16]
A
- Glochidion acuminatissimum Airy Shaw
- Glochidion acuminatum Müll.Arg.
- Glochidion acustylum Airy Shaw
- Glochidion album (Blanco) Boerl.
- Glochidion alstonii Airy Shaw
- Glochidion alticola Airy Shaw
- Glochidion aluminescens Airy Shaw
- Glochidion ambiguum Airy Shaw
- Glochidion amentuligerum (Müll.Arg.) Croizat
- Glochidion anamiticum (Kuntze) Merr.
- Glochidion andamanicum Kurz
- Glochidion andersonii Airy Shaw
- Glochidion anfractuosum Gibbs
- Glochidion angulatum C.B.Rob.
- Glochidion anthopotamicum (Hand.-Mazz.) R.W.Bouman
- Glochidion apodogynum Airy Shaw
- Glochidion arachnodes (Govaerts & Radcl.-Sm.) R.W.Bouman
- Glochidion atalotrichum A.C.Sm.
- Glochidion atrovirens A.C.Sm.
- Glochidion auii Airy Shaw
- Glochidion azaleon Airy Shaw
B
- Glochidion bachmaense Thin
- Glochidion balansae Beille
- Glochidion barronense Airy Shaw
- Glochidion beccarii Airy Shaw
- Glochidion beehleri W.N.Takeuchi
- Glochidion beguinii Airy Shaw
- Glochidion benguetense Elmer
- Glochidion benthamianum Domin
- Glochidion billardierei Baill.
- Glochidion borgmannii Airy Shaw
- Glochidion borneense (Müll.Arg.) Boerl.
- Glochidion bourdillonii Gamble
- Glochidion bracteatum Gillespie
- Glochidion breyniopse Esser & R.W.Bouman
- Glochidion brideliifolium Airy Shaw
- Glochidion brooksii Ridl.
- Glochidion brothersonii J.Florence
- Glochidion brunnescens A.C.Sm.
- Glochidion bullatissimum Airy Shaw
- Glochidion butonicum Airy Shaw
C
- Glochidion cacuminum Müll.Arg.
- Glochidion cagayanense C.B.Rob.
- Glochidion calciphilum Croizat
- Glochidion caledonicum Müll.Arg.
- Glochidion calocarpum Kurz
- Glochidion caloneurum Airy Shaw
- Glochidion calospermum Airy Shaw
- Glochidion camiguinense Merr.
- Glochidion candolleanum (Wight & Arn.) Chakrab. & M.Gangop.
- Glochidion canescens Elmer
- Glochidion carinatum (Beille) R.W.Bouman
- Glochidion carrickii Airy Shaw
- Glochidion carrii Airy Shaw
- Glochidion castaneum Airy Shaw
- Glochidion caudatifolium (P.T.Li) R.W.Bouman
- Glochidion cauliflorum Merr.
- Glochidion celastroides (Müll.Arg.) Pax
- Glochidion cenabrei Merr.
- Glochidion chevalieri Beille
- Glochidion chlamydogyne Airy Shaw
- Glochidion chodoense C.S.Lee & H.T.Im
- Glochidion chondrocarpum Airy Shaw
- Glochidion christophersenii Croizat
- Glochidion cleistanthoides Fosberg
- Glochidion coccineum (Banks) Müll.Arg.
- Glochidion collectorum Airy Shaw
- Glochidion collinum A.C.Sm.
- Glochidion comitum J.Florence
- Glochidion conostylum Airy Shaw
- Glochidion cordatum Seem. ex Müll.Arg.
- Glochidion coriaceum Thwaites
- Glochidion coronulatum C.B.Rob.
- Glochidion cupreum Airy Shaw
- Glochidion curranii C.B.Rob.
- Glochidion cuspidatum (Müll.Arg.) Pax
- Glochidion cyrtophyllum Miq.
- Glochidion cyrtostylum Miq.
D
- Glochidion daltonii (Müll.Arg.) Kurz
- Glochidion dasystylum Kurz
- Glochidion daviesii W.N.Takeuchi
- Glochidion decorum J.J.Sm.
- Glochidion delticola Airy Shaw
- Glochidion dichromum Airy Shaw
- Glochidion discogyne Airy Shaw
- Glochidion disparilaterum S.Moore
- Glochidion disparipes Airy Shaw
- Glochidion dodecapterum Airy Shaw
- Glochidion dolichostylum Merr.
- Glochidion dongmoense (Thin) R.W.Bouman
- Glochidion drypetifolium Airy Shaw
- Glochidion dumicola Airy Shaw
- Glochidion dunnianum (H.Lév.) R.W.Bouman
E
- Glochidion elaphrocarpum Airy Shaw
- Glochidion ellipticum Wight
- Glochidion elmeri Merr.
- Glochidion emarginatum J.W.Moore
- Glochidion eriocarpum Champ. ex Benth.
- Glochidion eucleoides S.Moore
- Glochidion euryoides A.C.Sm.
F
- Glochidion falcatilimbum Merr.
- Glochidion ferdinandi (Müll.Arg.) F.M.Bailey
- Glochidion flavidum Kurz ex Teijsm. & Binn.
- Glochidion formanii Airy Shaw
- Glochidion frodinii Airy Shaw
- Glochidion fulvirameum Miq.
G
- Glochidion galorii Airy Shaw
- Glochidion gaudichaudii (Müll.Arg.) Boerl.
- Glochidion geoffrayi Beille
- Glochidion gigantifolium (Vidal) J.J.Sm.
- Glochidion gillespiei Croizat
- Glochidion gimi (K.Schum.) Pax & K.Hoffm.
- Glochidion glabrum J.J.Sm.
- Glochidion glaucescens Merr.
- Glochidion glaucops Airy Shaw
- Glochidion glomerulatum (Miq.) Boerl.
- Glochidion goniocarpum Hook.f.
- Glochidion goniocladum Airy Shaw
- Glochidion gracile Airy Shaw
- Glochidion gracilentum (Müll.Arg.) Boerl.
- Glochidion grantii J.Florence
- Glochidion granulare Airy Shaw
- Glochidion grayanum (Müll.Arg.) J.Florence
- Glochidion grossum Airy Shaw
H
- Glochidion harveyanum Domin
- Glochidion helferi (Müll.Arg.) Hook.f.
- Glochidion heterocalyx Airy Shaw
- Glochidion heterodoxum (Müll.Arg.) Pax & K.Hoffm.
- Glochidion heyneanum (Wight & Arn.) Wight
- Glochidion hivaoaense J.Florence
- Glochidion hohenackeri (Müll.Arg.) Bedd.
- Glochidion hosokawae Fosberg
- Glochidion huahineense J.Florence
- Glochidion humile Merr.
- Glochidion huntii Airy Shaw
- Glochidion hylandii Airy Shaw
I
- Glochidion impuber (Roxb.) Govaerts
- Glochidion insectum Airy Shaw
- Glochidion insigne (Müll.Arg.) J.J.Sm.
- Glochidion insulanum Müll.Arg.
- Glochidion intercastellanum Airy Shaw
- Glochidion inusitatum A.C.Sm.
J
- Glochidion jarawae Chakrab. & N.P.Balakr.
K
- Glochidion kanehirae Hosok.
- Glochidion karnaticum Chakrab. & M.Gangop.
- Glochidion katikii Airy Shaw
- Glochidion kaweesakii (Pornp., Chantar. & J.Parn.) R.W.Bouman
- Glochidion kerangae Airy Shaw
- Glochidion kerrii Craib
- Glochidion khasicum (Müll.Arg.) Hook.f.
- Glochidion kopiaginis Airy Shaw
- Glochidion korthalsii (Müll.Arg.) Boerl.
- Glochidion kostermansii Airy Shaw
- Glochidion kunstlerianum Gage
L
- Glochidion lalae Airy Shaw
- Glochidion lambiricum Airy Shaw
- Glochidion lamprophyllum (Müll.Arg.) Pax & K.Hoffm.
- Glochidion lanceilimbum Merr.
- Glochidion lanceolarium (Roxb.) Voigt
- Glochidion lanceolatum Hayata
- Glochidion lancisepalum Merr.
- Glochidion lanyuense Gang Yao & S.X.Luo
- Glochidion latistylum C.B.Rob.
- Glochidion lativenium (Croizat) R.W.Bouman
- Glochidion leptostylum Airy Shaw
- Glochidion leucocarpum Airy Shaw
- Glochidion leucogynum Miq.
- Glochidion ligulatum C.B.Rob.
- Glochidion lingulatum (Beille) R.W.Bouman
- Glochidion littorale Blume
- Glochidion lobocarpum (Benth.) F.M.Bailey
- Glochidion loerzingii Airy Shaw
- Glochidion longfieldiae (Ridl.) F.Br.
- Glochidion longistylum C.B.Rob.
- Glochidion lucidum Blume
- Glochidion lutescens Blume
- Glochidion luzonense Elmer
M
- Glochidion macphersonii Govaerts & Radcl.-Sm.
- Glochidion macrocarpum Blume
- Glochidion macrosepalum Hosok.
- Glochidion macrostigma Hook.f.
- Glochidion maingayi Gage
- Glochidion malindangense C.B.Rob.
- Glochidion malingheense C.Y.Deng & Gang Yao
- Glochidion manono Baill. ex Müll.Arg.
- Glochidion marchionicum F.Br.
- Glochidion marianum Müll.Arg.
- Glochidion medogense T.L.Chin
- Glochidion mehipitense Pax & K.Hoffm.
- Glochidion meijeri Airy Shaw
- Glochidion melvilleorum Airy Shaw
- Glochidion merrillii C.B.Rob.
- Glochidion mindorense C.B.Rob.
- Glochidion minutiflorum (Ridl.) R.W.Bouman
- Glochidion mitrastylum Airy Shaw
- Glochidion moi (P.T.Li) R.W.Bouman
- Glochidion molle Blume
- Glochidion moluccanum Blume
- Glochidion monostylum Airy Shaw
- Glochidion moonii Thwaites
- Glochidion moorei P.T.Li
- Glochidion mop Airy Shaw
- Glochidion muelleri Briq.
- Glochidion multilobum A.C.Sm.
- Glochidion multiloculare (Roxb. ex Willd.) Voigt
- Glochidion muscisilvae Airy Shaw
- Glochidion myrianthum (Müll.Arg.) Pax & K.Hoffm.
- Glochidion myrtifolium J.W.Moore
N
- Glochidion nadeaudii J.Florence
- Glochidion namilo Guillaumin
- Glochidion nemorale Thwaites
- Glochidion nervosum Alston
- Glochidion nesophilum Airy Shaw
- Glochidion nobile Airy Shaw
- Glochidion nothofageticum Airy Shaw
- Glochidion novae-georgiae Airy Shaw
- Glochidion novoguineense K.Schum.
- Glochidion nubigenum Hook.f.
O
- Glochidion oblatum Hook.f.
- Glochidion oblongifolium Airy Shaw
- Glochidion obovatum Siebold & Zucc.
- Glochidion obscurum (Roxb. ex Willd.) Blume
- Glochidion oligotrichum (Müll.Arg.) Boerl.
- Glochidion oogynum Airy Shaw
- Glochidion orbicularifolium (P.T.Li) R.W.Bouman
- Glochidion ornatum Kurz ex Teijsm. & Binn.
- Glochidion orohenense J.W.Moore
- Glochidion oxygonum Airy Shaw
P
- Glochidion pachyconum Airy Shaw
- Glochidion palauense Hosok.
- Glochidion palawanense Elmer
- Glochidion paludicola (Airy Shaw) Airy Shaw
- Glochidion papenooense J.Florence
- Glochidion peltiferum S.Moore
- Glochidion petraeum (P.T.Li) R.W.Bouman
- Glochidion phellocarpum Airy Shaw
- Glochidion philippicum (Cav.) C.B.Rob.
- Glochidion phyllanthoides Merr.
- Glochidion phyllochlamys Airy Shaw
- Glochidion pilosum (Lour.) Merr.
- Glochidion pitcairnense (F.Br.) H.St.John
- Glochidion plagiophyllum Airy Shaw
- Glochidion pleiosepalum Airy Shaw
- Glochidion podocarpum (Müll.Arg.) C.B.Rob.
- Glochidion poilanei (Beille) R.W.Bouman
- Glochidion pomiferum Airy Shaw
- Glochidion ponapense Hosok.
- Glochidion praeclarum Airy Shaw
- Glochidion prinoides S.Moore
- Glochidion pruinosum Airy Shaw
- Glochidion psidioides C.B.Rob.
- Glochidion puberulum Hosok.
- Glochidion puberum (L.) Hutch.
- Glochidion pubicapsa Airy Shaw
- Glochidion pulgarense Elmer
- Glochidion punctatum Pax & K.Hoffm.
- Glochidion pungens Airy Shaw
- Glochidion pyriforme Airy Shaw
R
- Glochidion raivavense F.Br.
- Glochidion ramiflorum J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.
- Glochidion rapaense J.Florence
- Glochidion reinwardtii (Müll.Arg.) Boerl.
- Glochidion reticulatum Elmer
- Glochidion retinerve Airy Shaw
- Glochidion robinsonii Elmer
- Glochidion roseum (Craib & Hutch.) R.W.Bouman
- Glochidion rubicundum (Beille) R.W.Bouman
- Glochidion rubrum Blume
- Glochidion rufoglaucum (Müll.Arg.) Boerl.
- Glochidion rugulosum Airy Shaw
- Glochidion runikerae Airy Shaw
S
- Glochidion saccocarpum Airy Shaw
- Glochidion samoanum (Müll.Arg.) R.W.Bouman
- Glochidion santisukii Airy Shaw
- Glochidion seemannii Müll.Arg.
- Glochidion semicordatum (Müll.Arg.) Boerl.
- Glochidion sericeum (Blume) Zoll. & Moritzi
- Glochidion sessile (Warb.) R.W.Bouman
- Glochidion sessiliflorum Airy Shaw
- Glochidion singaporense Gage
- Glochidion societatis J.Florence
- Glochidion sphaerogynum (Müll.Arg.) Kurz
- Glochidion stellatum (Retz.) Bedd.
- Glochidion stenophyllum Airy Shaw
- Glochidion stipulare Airy Shaw
- Glochidion striatum J.J.Sm.
- Glochidion styliferum J.J.Sm.
- Glochidion stylosum Ridl.
- Glochidion subfalcatum Elmer
- Glochidion submolle (K.Schum. & Lauterb.) Airy Shaw
- Glochidion subsessile N.P.Balakr. & Chakr.
- Glochidion superbum Baill.
- Glochidion symingtonii Airy Shaw
T
- Glochidion taitense Baill. ex Müll.Arg.
- Glochidion talakonense Sankara Rao, J.Swamy, Nagaraju, S.B.Padal, M.Tarak.Naidu, K.
- Glochidion talmyanum Beille
- Glochidion temehaniense J.W.Moore
- Glochidion tenuistylum Stapf
- Glochidion ternateum Airy Shaw
- Glochidion tetrapteron Gage
- Glochidion thomsonii (Müll.Arg.) Hook.f.
- Glochidion timorense Airy Shaw
- Glochidion triandrum (Blanco) C.B.Rob.
- Glochidion trichogynum Müll.Arg.
- Glochidion trichophorum Merr.
- Glochidion trusanicum Airy Shaw
- Glochidion tuamotuense J.Florence
U
- Glochidion ultrabasicola Airy Shaw
- Glochidion urceolare Airy Shaw
- Glochidion urophylloides Elmer
V
- Glochidion varians Miq.
- Glochidion vitiense (Müll.Arg.) Gillespie
W
- Glochidion wallichianum Müll.Arg.
- Glochidion weberi C.B.Rob.
- Glochidion websteri Fosberg
- Glochidion welzenii W.N.Takeuchi
- Glochidion wilderi J.Florence
- Glochidion williamsii C.B.Rob.
- Glochidion wilsonii Hutch.
- Glochidion wisselense Airy Shaw
- Glochidion wonenggau Airy Shaw
- Glochidion woodii Merr.
- Glochidion wrightii Benth.
X
- Glochidion xerocarpum (O.Schwarz) Airy Shaw
- Glochidion xestophyllum Airy Shaw
Y
- Glochidion yunnanense (Croizat) R.W.Bouman
Z
- Glochidion zeylanicum (Gaertn.) A.Juss.
- Glochidion zollingeri Miq.
Referensi
- ^ Carl T. Bergstrom; Lee Alan Dugatkin (2012). Evolution. Norton. hlm. 630. ISBN 978-0-393-92592-0. Diarsipkan dari versi aslinya tanggal 2016-11-18. Diakses tanggal 2016-10-24.
- ^ See p. 412 in: Hammer, K (1990). "Barilla (Salsola soda, Chenopodiaceae)". Economic Botany. 44 (3): 410–412. doi:10.1007/bf03183925. JSTOR 4255259.
- ^ Kato, M.; Takimura, A.; Kawakita, A. (2003). "An obligate pollination mutualism and reciprocal diversification in the tree genus Glochidion (Euphorbiaceae)". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA. 100 (9): 5264–5267. Bibcode:2003PNAS..100.5264K. doi:10.1073/pnas.0837153100. PMC 154333. PMID 12695568.
- ^ Hembry, D. H.; Okamoto, T.; Gillespie, R. G. (2012). "Repeated colonization of remote islands by specialized mutualists". Biology Letters. 8 (2): 258–261. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2011.0771. PMC 3297384. PMID 21900312.
- ^ Luo, S.-X.; Yao, G.; Wang, Z.; Zhang, D.; Hembry, D. H. (2017). "A novel, enigmatic basal leafflower moth lineage pollinating a derived leafflower host illustrates the dynamics of host shifts, partner replacement, and apparent co-adaptation in intimate mutualisms" (PDF). The American Naturalist. 189 (4): 422–435. doi:10.1086/690623. PMC 6103454. PMID 28350503. Diarsipkan dari versi aslinya tanggal 2021-11-24. Diakses tanggal 2019-09-05.
- ^ Kawakita, A.; Kato, M. (2004). "Evolution of obligate pollination mutualism in New Caledonian Phyllanthus (Euphorbiaceae)". American Journal of Botany. 91 (3): 410–415. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.3.410. PMID 21653396.
- ^ Kawakita, A.; Kato, M. (2009). "Repeated independent evolution of obligate pollination mutualism in the Phyllantheae-Epicephala association". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 276 (1656): 417–426. doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.1226. PMC 2664352. PMID 18948251.
- ^ Kawakita, A.; Kato, M. (2004). "Obligate pollination mutualism in Breynia (Phyllanthaceae): further documentation of pollination mutualism involving Epicephala moths (Gracillariidae)". American Journal of Botany. 91 (9): 1319–1325. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.9.1319. PMID 21652364.
- ^ Zhang, J.; Wang, S.; Li, H.; Hu, B.; Yang, X.; Wang, Z. (2012). "Diffuse coevolution between two Epicephala species (Gracillariidae) and two Breynia species (Phyllanthaceae)". PLOS ONE. 7 (7): e41657. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...741657Z. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041657. PMC 3407192. PMID 22848559. Pemeliharaan CS1: DOI bebas tanpa ditandai (link)
- ^ Kathriarachchi, H.; Samuel, R.; Hoffmann, P.; Mlinarec, J.; Wurdack, K. J.; Ralimanana, H.; Stuessy, T. F.; Chase, M. W. (2006). "Phylogenetics of tribe Phyllantheae (Phyllanthaceae: Euphorbiaceae sensu lato) based on nrITS and plastid matK DNA sequence data". American Journal of Botany. 93 (4): 637–655. doi:10.3732/ajb.93.4.637. PMID 21646224.
- ^ Fearn, M. L.; Urbatsch, L. E. (2001). "Glochidion puberum (Euphorbiaceae) naturalized in southern Alabama". SIDA, Contributions to Botany. 19: 711–714.
- ^ "Glochidion puberum in Flora of North America @". Efloras.org. Diarsipkan dari versi aslinya tanggal 2017-04-11. Diakses tanggal 2021-11-24.
- ^ Hoffmann, Petra; Kathriarachchi, Hashendra S.; Wurdack, Kenneth J. (2006). "A Phylogenetic Classification of Phyllanthaceae". Kew Bulletin. 61 (1): 37–53.
- ^ Hoffmann, P. and McPherson, G., 2003. Transfer of Madagascan Glochidion to Phyllanthus (Euphorbiaceae sl or Phyllanthaceae). Novon 13(3):307-310.
- ^ Wagner WL, Lorence DH. A nomenclator of Pacific oceanic island Phyllanthus (Phyllanthaceae), including Glochidion. PhytoKeys. 2011(4):67-94
- '^ Glochidion J.R.Forst & G.Forst Plants of the World Online. Diakses 26 Juni 2024.
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