Daftar kepala negara India
Presiden India adalah kepala negara seremonial India. Ia juga merupakan Panglima Tertinggi Angkatan Bersenjata India. Sang presiden dipilih setiap lima tahun sekali dan dapat menjabat untuk masa bakti yang tidak terbatas.
Gubernur Jenderal India (atau, dari 1858 sampai 1947, Viceroy dan Gubernur-Jenderal India, yang umumnya disingkat menjadi Viceroy India) awalnya adalah kepala pemerintahan Inggris di India dan, kemudian, setelah Kemerdekaan Pakistan dan India pada 1947, perwakilan penguasa monarki dan kepala negara India. Jabatan tersebut dibuat pada 1773, dengan gelar Gubernur-Jenderal Kepresidenan Fort William. Jabatan tersebut memiliki kendali langsung tak hanya atas Fort William, tetapi juga menaungi kantor-kantor Perusahaan Hindia Timur lainnya di India. Otoritas lengkap mencangkup seluruh India Britania dianugerahi pada 1833, dan jabatan tersebut menjadi dikenal sebagai "Gubernur-Jenderal India".
Pada 1858, teritorial Perusahaan Hindia Timur berada di bawah kendali langsung pemerintah Inggris; lihat Kemaharajaan Britania. Gubernur-jenderal (sekarang juga viceroy) mengepalai pemerintah pusat India, yang mengurusi provinsi-provinsi di India Britania, yang meliputi Punjab, Bengal, Bombay, Madras, Provinsi-Provinsi Serikat, dan lain-lain.[1] Namun, bagian-bagian India lainnya tidak diperintah secara langsung oleh pemerintah Inggris; di luar provinsi-provinsi India Britania, terdapat ratusan negara-wilayah kerajaan atau "negara-negara pribumi", yang hubungannya tidak dengan pemerintah Inggris, tetapi secara langsung dengan penguasa monarki. Untuk merefleksikan peran gubernur-jenderal sebagai perwakilan penguasa monarki untuk penguasa-penguasa feodal negara-wilayah kerajaan, dari 1858 istilah Viceroy dan Gubernur-Jenderal India (disingkat sebagai Viceroy India) diaplikasikan kepada jabatan tersebut.
Gelar viceroy ditiadakan ketika India dan Pakistan meraih kemerdekaan mereka, namun jabatan gubernur-jenderal tetap ada—sebagai perwakilan George VI sebagai Raja India dan Raja Pakistan—sampai mereka mengadopsi konstitusi republik pada 1950 dan 1956.
Daftar ini dijumlahkan berdasarkan pada Presiden yang terpilih setelah memenangkan sebuah pemilihan presiden India. Masa jabatan Varahagiri Venkata Giri, Mohammad Hidayatullah, dan Basappa Danappa Jatti, yang difungsikan sebagai pelaksana jabatan presiden, tak dihitung. Presiden India tak mewakili partai politik manapun. Warna dipakai dalam tabel ditandai sebagai berikut:
- Keterangan warna
Daftar Sultan Delhi
Dinasti Mamluk Delhi (1206–1290)
- Qutb-ud-din Aibak (1206-1210)
- Aram Shah (1210-1211)
- Syams-ud-din Iltutmish (1211–1236)
- Rukn-ud-din Firuz (1236)
- Raziyyat ud din Sultana (1236–1240)
- Muiz-ud-din Bahram (1240–1242)
- Ala-ud-din Masud (1242–1246)
- Nasir-ud-din Mahmud (1246–1266)
- Ghiyas-ud-din Balban (1266–1286)
- Muiz-ud-din Qaiqabad (1286–1290)
- Shamsuddin Kayumars (1290)
Dinasti Khalji (1290–1320)
- Jalal ud din Firuz Khalji (1290–1296)
- Alauddin Khalji (1296–1316)
- Qutb ud din Mubarak Shah (1316–1320)
- Khusro Khan (1320)
Dinasti Tughlaq (1321–1414)
- Ghiyasu-Din Tughluq I (1321–1325)
- Muhammad Shah Tughuluq I (1325–1351)
- Muhammad Shah Tughuluq II (1351–1388)
- Ghiyas-ud-Din Tughluq II (1388–1389)
- Abu Bakr Shah (1389–1390)
- Muhammad Shah Tughluq III (1390–1394)
- Muhammad Shah Tughuluq IV (1394–1413)
Setelah invasi Timur Lenk pada tahun 1398, gubernur Multan, Khizr Khan menggantikan dinasti Tughlaq pada tahun 1414.
Dinasti Sayyid (1414–1451)
- Khizr Khan (1414–1421)
- Mubarak Shah (1421–1434)
- Muhammad Shah (1434–1445)
- Alam Shah (1445–1451)
Dinasti Lodi (1451–1526)
- Bahlul Khan Lodi (1451–1489)
- Sikandar Lodi (1489–1517)
- Ibrahim Lodi (1517-1526), dikalahkan oleh Babur (yang menggantikan Kesultanan Delhi dengan Kesultanan Mughal )
Daftar Kaisar Mughal
| Lukisan | Nama Tituler | Nama Lahir | Nama Anumerta | Kelahiran | Memerintah | Wafat | Catatan |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bābur بابر |
Zahir-ud-din Muhammad ظہیر الدین محمد |
Firdaus Makani فردوس مکانی |
23 Februari 1483 | 30 April 1526 – 26 Desember 1530 | 26 Desember 1530 (usia 47) |
Pendiri Kekaisaran | |
| Humayun ہمایوں |
Nasir-ud-din Muhammad نصیر الدین محمد ہمایوں |
Jannat-Ashyani جنت آشیانی |
17 Maret 1508 | 26 Desember 1530 – 17 Mei 1540 (jabatan ke-1)
22 Februari 1555 – 27 Januari 1556 (jabatan ke-2) |
27 Januari 1556 (usia 48) |
Humayun dilengserkan pada 1540 oleh Sher Shah Suri dari dinasti Suri namun kembali ke tahta pada tahun 1555 setelah kematian Islam Shah Suri (putra dan penerus Sher Shah Suri). | |
| Akbar-e-Azam اکبر اعظم |
Jalal-ud-din Muhammad جلال الدین محمد اکبر |
Arsy-Ashyani ارش آشیانی |
14 Oktober 1542 | 27 Januari 1556 – 27 Oktober 1605 | 27 Oktober 1605 (usia 63) |
Ibunya adalah putri raja Persia Hamida Banu Begum.[2] | |
| Jahangir جہانگیر |
Nur-ud-din Muhammad Salim نور الدین محمد سلیم |
Jannat Makani جنت مکانی |
20 September 1569 | 15 Oktober 1605 – 8 November 1627 | 8 November 1627 (usia 58) |
Ibunya adalah putri raja Rajput Mariam-uz-Zamani.[3] | |
| Shah-Jahan-e-Azam شاہ جہان اعظم |
Shahab-ud-din Muhammad Khurram شہاب الدین محمد خرم |
Firdaus Ashiyani فردوس آشیانی |
5 Januari 1592 | 8 November 1627 – 2 Agustus 1658 | 22 Januari 1666 (usia 74) |
Ibunya adalah putri raja Rajput Jagat Gosaini.[4] Membangun Taj Mahal. | |
| Alamgir عالمگیر |
Muhy-ud-din Muhammad Aurangzeb محی الدین محمداورنگزیب |
Khuld Makani خلد مکانی |
4 November 1618 | 31 Juli 1658 – 3 Maret 1707 | 3 Maret 1707 (usia 88) |
Ibunya adalah putri raja Persia Mumtaz Mahal. Ia menikahi putri raja Rajput Nawab Bai.[5] | |
| Azam Shah | Abu'l Faaiz Qutb-ud-Din Muhammad Azam
قطب الدين محمد اعظم |
28 Juni 1653 | 14 Maret 1707 – 8 Juni 1707 | 8 Juni 1707 (usia 53) |
|||
| Bahadur Shah | Qutb ud-Din Muhammad Mu'azzam
قطب الدین محمد معزام |
14 Oktober 1643 | 19 Juni 1707 – 27 Februari 1712 | 27 Februari 1712 (usia 68) |
Ia membuat kesepakatan dengan Maratha, mencairkan Rajput, dan berteman dengan Sikh di Punjab. | ||
| Jahandar Shah | Ma'az-ud-Din Jahandar Shah Bahadur
معز الدین جہاندار شاہ بہادر |
9 Mei 1661 | 27 Februari 1712 – 11 Februari 1713 | 12 Februari 1713 (usia 51) | Sangat dipengaruhi oleh Wali Raja Besar-nya Zulfikar Khan. | ||
| Farrukhsiyar | Muin ud-din Muhammad
معید الدین محمد |
20 Agustus 1685 | 11 Januari 1713 – 28 Februari 1719 | 29 April 1719 (usia 33) |
Mengeluarkan firman kepada East India Company pada 1717 yang memberikan mereka hak dagang bea cukai untuk Bengal, menguatkan pos-pos mereka di pantai timur. Firman atau dekrit tersebut membantu perusahaan British East India mengimpor barang-barang ke Bengal tanpa membayar bea cukai kepada pemerintah. | ||
| Rafi ud-Darajat | Rafi ud-Darajat
رفیع الدرجات |
30 November 1699 | 28 Februari – 6 Juni 1719 | 9 Juni 1719 (usia 19) |
Kebangkitan Syed Bersaudara sebagai broker kekuasaan. | ||
| Shah Jahan II | Rafi ud-Daulah
رفیع الدوله |
Juni 1696 | 6 Juni 1719 – 19 September 1719 | 19 September 1719 (usia 23) | |||
| Muhammad Shah | Roshan Akhtar Bahadur
روشن اختر بہادر |
17 Agustus 1702 | 27 September 1719 – 26 April 1748 | 26 April 1748 (usia 45) |
Memajukan Syed Bersaudara. Menghadapi perang panjang dengan Maratha, kehilangan Deccan dan Malwa dalam prosesnya. Mengalami invasi Nader Shah dari Persia pada 1739. Ia merupakan kaisar terakhir yang memegang kontrol efektif atas kekaisaran tersebut. | ||
| Ahmad Shah Bahadur | Ahmad Shah Bahadur
احمد شاہ بہادر |
23 Desember 1725 | 26 April 1748 – 2 Juni 1754 | 1 Januari 1775 (usia 49) |
Pasukan Mughal dikalahkan oleh Maratha di Pertempuran Sikandarabad. | ||
| Alamgir II | Aziz-ud-din
عزیز اُلدین |
6 Juni 1699 | 2 Juni 1754 – 29 November 1759 | 29 November 1759 (usia 60) |
Dominasi Wali Raja Imad-ul-Mulk. | ||
| Shah Jahan III | Muhi-ul-millat
محی اُلملت |
1711 | 10 Desember 1759 – 10 Oktober 1760 | 1772 (usia 60–61) | Konsolidasi Nizam dari Bengal, Bihar, dan Odisha, pada Pertempuran Buxar. Hyder Ali menjadi Sultan Mysore pada 1761. | ||
| Shah Alam II | Ali Gauhar
علی گوہر |
25 Juni 1728 | 24 Desember 1759 – 19 November 1806 | 19 November 1806 (usia 78) |
Kematian Tipu Sultan dari Mysore pada tahun 1799. | ||
| Akbar Shah II | Mirza Akbar
میرزا اکبر |
22 April 1760 | 19 November 1806 – 28 September 1837 | 28 September 1837 (usia 77) |
Kepala figur utama di bawah perlindungan Inggris. | ||
| Bahadur Shah II | Abu Zafar Sirajuddin Muhammad Bahadur Shah Zafar
بو ظفر سراج اُلدین محمد بہادر شاہ ظفر |
24 Oktober 1775 | 28 September 1837 – 14 September 1857 | 7 November 1862 (usia 87) |
Kaisar Mughal terakhir. Digulingkan oleh Inggris dan diasingkan ke Burma setelah Pemberontakan India 1857. |
Catatan:Para Kaisar Mughal menerapkan poligami. Disamping para istri mereka, mereka juga memiliki sejumlah selir di harem mereka, yang menghasilkan anak-anak. Ini menjadikannya sulit untuk mengidentitfikasi seluruh keturunan dari setiap kaisar.[6]
King (1876–1947)
- Victoria (1876–1901)
- Edward VII (1901–1910)
- George V (1910–1936)
- Edward VIII (1936)
- George VI (1936–1950)
List
Governor-General of the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal (1773–1833)
The Regulating Act of 1773 replaced the office of the Governor of the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal with Governor-General of the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal. The office of the Governor of the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal was restored in 1833.
| Portrait | Name | Term | Appointer | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Warren Hastings[nb 1] | 20 October 1773 |
8 February 1785 |
East India Company (1773–1858) | |
| John Macpherson (acting) |
8 February 1785 |
12 September 1786 | ||
| The Marquess Cornwallis[nb 2] | 12 September 1786 |
28 October 1793 | ||
| John Shore | 28 October 1793 |
18 March 1798 | ||
| Alured Clarke (acting) |
18 March 1798 |
18 May 1798 | ||
| The Earl of Mornington[nb 3] | 18 May 1798 |
30 July 1805 | ||
| The Marquess Cornwallis | 30 July 1805 |
5 October 1805 | ||
| Sir George Barlow, Bt (acting) |
10 October 1805 |
31 July 1807 | ||
| The Lord Minto | 31 July 1807 |
4 October 1813 | ||
| The Marquess of Hastings[nb 4] | 4 October 1813 |
9 January 1823 | ||
| John Adam (acting) |
9 January 1823 |
1 August 1823 | ||
| The Lord Amherst[nb 5] | 1 August 1823 |
13 March 1828 | ||
| William Butterworth Bayley (acting) |
13 March 1828 |
4 July 1828 | ||
| Governors of the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal
(ex-officio Governor-General of India, 1834-1854) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | Name
(birth–death) |
Portrait | Took office | Left office | Appointer |
| 1 | The Lord William Bentick
(1774–1839) |
15 November 1834
(1833) |
20 March 1835 | East India Company | |
| – | Sir Charles Metcalfe, Bt, ICS[7]
(acting) (1785–1846) |
20 March 1835 | 4 March 1836 | ||
| 2 | The Lord Auckland (1784–1849) | 4 March 1836 | 28 February 1842 | ||
| 3 | The Lord Ellenborough (1790–1871) | 28 February 1842 | June 1844 | ||
| – | William Wilberforce Bird, ICS[7]
(acting) (1784–1857) |
June 1844 | 23 July 1844 | ||
| 4 | Sir Henry Hardinge (1785–1856) | 23 July 1844 | 12 January 1848 | ||
| 5 | The Earl of Dalhousie (1812–1860) | 12 January 1848 | 1 May 1854
(28 February 1856) | ||
Governors-General and Viceroys of India and Governors-General of the Dominion of India, 1858–1950
| Governor-General or Viceroy (lifespan) |
Term of office | Notable events | Secretary of State for India | Prime Minister | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Governors-General and Viceroys of India, 1858–1947 | |||||
Charles Canning, Viscount Canning[nb 1] (1812–1862) |
1 November 1858 |
21 March 1862 |
|
||
James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin (1811–1863) |
21 March 1862 |
20 November 1863 |
|
Charles Wood | Viscount Palmerston |
Robert Napier (acting) (1810–1890) |
21 November 1863 |
2 December 1863 |
|||
William Denison (acting) (1804–1871) |
2 December 1863 |
12 January 1864 |
|||
John Lawrence, Baronet (1811–1879) |
12 January 1864 |
12 January 1869 |
|
||
Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo (1822–1872) |
12 January 1869 |
8 February 1872 |
|
George Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll | William Ewart Gladstone |
John Strachey (acting) (1823–1907) |
9 February 1872 |
23 February 1872 |
|||
Francis Napier, 10th Lord Napier (acting) (1819–1898) |
24 February 1872 |
3 May 1872 |
|||
Thomas Baring, Lord Northbrook (1826–1904) |
3 May 1872 |
12 April 1876 |
|
||
Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton (1831–1891) |
12 April 1876 |
8 June 1880 |
|
||
George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon (1827–1909) |
8 June 1880 |
13 December 1884 |
|
||
Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, Earl of Dufferin (1826–1902) |
13 December 1884 |
10 December 1888 |
|
||
Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne (1845–1927) |
10 December 1888 |
21 January 1894 |
|
||
Victor Bruce, 9th Earl of Elgin (1849–1917) |
21 January 1894[16] |
6 January 1899 |
|
||
George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston[nb 2] (1859–1925) |
6 January 1899 |
18 November 1905 |
|
||
Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto (1845–1914) |
18 November 1905 |
23 November 1910 |
|
||
Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst (1858–1944) |
23 November 1910 |
4 April 1916 |
|
||
Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford (1868–1933) |
4 April 1916 |
2 April 1921 |
|
||
Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading (1860–1935) |
2 April 1921 |
3 April 1926 |
|
||
E. F. L. Wood, Lord Irwin (1881–1959) |
3 April 1926 |
1 July 1929 |
|
||
George Goschen, 2nd Viscount Goschen (acting) (1866–1952) |
1 July 1929 |
18 April 1931 | |||
Freeman Freeman-Thomas, Earl of Willingdon (1866–1941) |
18 April 1931 |
18 April 1936 |
|
||
Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow (1887–1952) |
18 April 1936 |
1 October 1943 |
|
||
Archibald Wavell, Viscount Wavell (1883–1950) |
1 October 1943 |
21 February 1947 |
|
||
Louis Mountbatten, Viscount Mountbatten of Burma (1900–1979) |
21 February 1947 |
15 August 1947 |
|
||
| Governor-General (birth–death) |
Term of office | Notable events | Prime Minister | ||
| Governors-General of the Dominion of India, 1947–1950 | |||||
| Appointed by King George VI (1947–1950) (as King of IndiaTemplat:Broken anchor) | |||||
Louis Mountbatten, Viscount Mountbatten of Burma[nb 3] (1900–1979) |
15 August 1947 |
21 June 1948 |
|
||
Chakravarti Rajagopalachari (1878–1972) |
21 June 1948 |
26 January 1950 |
| ||
- ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tanda
<ref>tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernamaauto - ^ Oliver Russell, 2nd Baron Ampthill was acting Governor-General in 1904.
- ^ Created Earl Mountbatten of Burma on 28 October 1947.
Presiden India
| # | Nama | Potret | Masa Jabatan | Terpilih | Partai politik | Wakil presiden | Catatan | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Rajendra Prasad (1884–1963) |
26 January 1950 | 13 May 1962 | 1950 1952 1955 1957 |
Indian National Congress | Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan | ||
| 2 | Sir Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (1888–1975) |
13 May 1962 | 13 May 1967 | 1962 1965 |
Independent | Zakir Husain | ||
| 3 | Zakir Husain (1897–1969) |
13 May 1967 | 3 May 1969 (died in office.) |
1967 | Independent | V. V. Giri | ||
| 4 | V. V. Giri (1894–1980) |
3 May 1969 | 20 July 1969 | 1969 | Independent | |||
| 5 | Mohammad Hidayatullah (1905–1992) |
20 July 1969 | 24 August 1969 | 1969 | Independent | |||
| (4) | V. V. Giri (1894–1980) |
24 August 1969 | 24 August 1973 | 1969 | Independent | Gopal Swarup Pathak | ||
| – | Gopal Swarup Pathak (1896–1982) |
24 August 1973 | 24 August 1973 | – | Independent | Gopal Swarup Pathak | ||
| (4) | V. V. Giri
(1894–1980) |
24 August 1973 | 24 August 1974 | – | Independent | Gopal Swarup Pathak | ||
| 6 | Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed (1905–1977) |
24 August 1974 | 11 February 1977 (died in office.) |
1974 | Indian National Congress | Gopal Swarup Pathak
B. D. Jatti |
||
| 7 | B. D. Jatti (1912–2002) |
11 February 1977 | 25 July 1977 |
— | Indian National Congress | B. D. Jatti | ||
| 8 | Neelam Sanjiva Reddy (1913–1996) |
25 July 1977 | 25 July 1982 | 1977 | Janata Party | B. D. Jatti
Mohammad Hidayatullah |
||
| 9 | Giani Zail Singh (1916–1994) |
25 July 1982 | 25 July 1983 | 1982 | Indian National Congress | Mohammad Hidayatullah | ||
| (5) | Mohammad Hidayatullah (1905–1992) |
25 July 1983 | 25 July 1983 | — | Indian National Congress | |||
| (9) | Giani Zail Singh (1916–1994) |
25 July 1983 | 25 July 1984 | — | Indian National Congress | |||
| (5) | Mohammad Hidayatullah (1905–1992) |
25 July 1984 | 25 July 1984 | — | Indian National Congress | |||
| (9) | Giani Zail Singh (1916–1994) |
25 July 1984 | 25 July 1987 | 1984 |
Indian National Congress | Ramaswamy Venkataraman | ||
| 10 | R. Venkataraman (1910–2009) |
25 July 1987 | 25 July 1992 | 1987 | Indian National Congress | Shankar Dayal Sharma | ||
| 11 | Shankar Dayal Sharma (1918–1999) |
25 July 1992 | 25 July 1997 | 1992 | Indian National Congress | K. R. Narayanan | ||
| 12 | K. R. Narayanan (1920–2005) |
25 July 1997 | 25 July 2000 | 1997 | Indian National Congress | Krishan Kant | ||
| – | Krishan Kant
(1927–2002) |
25 July 2000 | 25 July 2000 | – | Indian National Congress | Krishan Kant | ||
| (12) | K. R. Narayanan
(1920–2005) |
25 July 2000 | 25 July 2002 | – | Indian National Congress | Krishan Kant | ||
| 13 | A. P. J. Abdul Kalam (1931–2015) |
25 July 2002 | 25 July 2003 | 2002 | Independent | Krishan Kant | ||
| – | Bhairon Singh Shekhawat
(1923–2010) |
25 July 2003 | 25 July 2003 | – | Independent | Bhairon Singh Shekhawat | ||
| (13) | A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
(1931–2015) |
25 July 2003 | 25 July 2007 | – | Independent | Bhairon Singh Shekhawat | ||
| 14 | Pratibha Patil (1934–) |
25 July 2007 | 25 July 2010 | 2007 | Indian National Congress | Mohammad Hamid Ansari | ||
| – | Mohammad Hamid Ansari(1937–) | 25 July 2010 | 25 July 2010 | – | Indian National Congress | |||
| (14) | Pratibha Patil
(1934–) |
25 July 2010 | 25 July 2012 | – | Indian National Congress | |||
| 15 | Pranab Mukherjee (1935–2020) |
25 July 2012 | 25 July 2016 | 2012 | Indian National Congress | |||
| – | Mohammad Hamid Ansari(1937–) | 25 July 2016 | 25 July 2016 | – | Indian National Congress | Mohammad Hamid Ansari | ||
| (15) | Pranab Mukherjee
(1935–2020) |
25 July 2016 | 25 July 2017 | – | Indian National Congress | Mohammad Hamid Ansari | ||
| 16 | Ram Nath Kovind (1945–) |
25 July 2017 | 25 July 2018 | 2017 | Bharatiya Janata Party | Mohammad Hamid Ansari | ||
| _ | M. Venkaiah Naidu
(1949–) |
25 July 2018 | 25 July 2018 | – | Bharatiya Janata Party | Venkaiah Naidu | ||
| (16) | Ram Nath Kovind
(1945–) |
25 July 2018 | 25 July 2022 | – | Bharatiya Janata Party | Venkaiah Naidu | ||
| 17 | Droupadi Murmu (1958-) |
25 July 2022 | 11 August 2022 | 2022 | Bharatiya Janata Party | Venkaiah Naidu | ||
| – | Jagdeep Dhankhar
(1951–) |
11 August 2022 | 11 August 2022 | – | Bharatiya Janata Party | Jagdeep Dhankhar | ||
| 17 | Droupadi Murmu (1958-) |
11 August 2022 | 25 July 2025 | – | Bharatiya Janata Party | Jagdeep Dhankhar | ||
| 18 | Narendra Modi(1950–) | 25 July 2025 | Incumbent | — | Bharatiya Janata Party | Jagdeep Dhankhar | ||
| Armed forces who staged a military coup against the government and seized power. | ||||||||
| 19 | Javed Khans (1996–) | 25 July 2025 | Incumbent | Military | Armed forces | Angkatan bersenjata yang melakukan kudeta militer terhadap pemerintah dan merebut kekuasaan. | ||
India
- Garis waktu
- ^ Istilah India Britania juga disalahartikan sama dengan Kekaisaran India Britania, yang meliputi provinsi-provinsi tersebut dan Negara-Negara Pribumi.
- ^ Begum, Gulbadan (1902). The History of Humayun (Humayun-Nama). Royal Asiatic Society. hlm. 237–9.
- ^ Marc Jason Gilbert (2017). South Asia in World History. Oxford University Press. hlm. 79.
- ^ Emperor of Hindustan Jahangir (2010). The Tuzuk-I-Jahangiri; Or, Memoirs of Jahangir Translated by Alexander Rogers Edited by Henry Beveridge. General Books LLC. hlm. 18. ISBN 978-1-152-49040-6.
- ^ Mohammada, Malika (January 1, 2007). The Foundations of the Composite Culture in India. Aakar Books. hlm. 300. ISBN 978-8-189-83318-3.
- ^ Dalrymple, William (2006). The Last Mughal. London: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. hlm. 44. ISBN 978-1-4088-0092-8.
- ^ a b "Raj Bhavan Kolkata" (PDF).
- ^ "India - Government of India Act of 1858". www.britannica.com (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 22 March 2022.
- ^ "Police Act. 1861" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs. Diakses tanggal 22 March 2022.
- ^ a b c Reddy, Krishna (2017). Indian History (Edisi 2nd). Chennai: McGraw Hill Education (India) Pvt. Ltd. hlm. C.55. ISBN 9789352606627.
- ^ "How Viceroy Lord Mayo's Assassination Led To Creation Of India's First Intelligence Bureau". Outlook India (dalam bahasa Inggris). 14 February 2022. Diakses tanggal 22 March 2022.
- ^ "Arms Act, 1878" (PDF). myanmar-law-library.org. Diakses tanggal 22 March 2022.
- ^ "Lord Ripon: Father of Local Self Government in India". thenationaltv.com. Diakses tanggal 22 March 2022.
- ^ "Hunter Commission - Banglapedia". en.banglapedia.org. Diakses tanggal 22 March 2022.
- ^ "A Short History of Burma". New Internationalist (dalam bahasa Inggris). 18 April 2008. Diakses tanggal 22 March 2022.
- ^ https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/33561/1/11010320.pdf Artikel dengan URL mentah untuk kutipan September 2022[URL PDF mentah]
- ^ "Lee Commission". www.britannica.com (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 23 March 2022.
- ^ "Hartog Committee Report, 1929". Your Article Library. 22 December 2014. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 19 January 2025. Diakses tanggal 23 March 2022.
Konten ini disalin dari wikipedia, mohon digunakan dengan bijak.


