Bursa kripto
Bursa kripto (bahasa Inggris: cryptocurrency exchange) adalah bisnis yang memungkinkan pengguna untuk memperdagangkan mata uang kripto atau mata uang digital menjadi aset lain, seperti misalnya menjadi uang fiat atau mata uang digital lainnya. Bursa bisa menerima pembayaran via kartu kredit, transfer bank atau tipe pembayaran lainnya untuk membeli mata uang digital atau kripto. Bursa kripto bisa menjadi pembuat pasar yang biasanya mengambil selisih penawaran–permintaan sebagai keuntungan mereka atau, sebagai platform pencocokan, hanya mengenakan biaya layanan.
Beberapa pialang yang juga berfokus pada aset lain seperti saham, memperbolehkan pengguna membeli kripto tetapi tidak mengizinkan menariknya ke dompet kripto sedangkan bursa khusus kripto memperbolehkan penarikan kripto.
Operasi
Bursa kripto biasanya mengirim kripto ke dompet kripto pribadi milik pengguna. Beberapa di antaranya bisa mengkonversi saldo mata uang digital menjadi kartu prabayar anonim yang bisa digunakan untuk menarik dana di ATM di seluruh dunia[1][2] sementara mata uang digital lainnya berbasis komoditas nyata seperti contohnya emas.[3]
Pencipta mata uang-mata uang digital biasanya independen dari bursa mata uang digital yang memfasilitasi perdagangan pada mata uang tersebut.[2] Dalam satu jenis sistem, penyedia mata uang digital (DCP) adalah bisnis yang menyimpan dan mengelola akun untuk pengguna mereka, tetapi biasanya tidak mengedarkan mata uang digital kepada penggunanya secara langsung.[4][5] Pengguna membeli atau menjual mata uang digital dari bursa mata uang digital, bertugas mentransfer mata uang digital masuk atau keluar dari akun DCP pengguna.[5] Beberapa bursa adalah anakan dari DCP, tetapi banyak darinya adalah bisnis yang independen secara legal.[4] Denominasi dana yang disimpan di akun-akun DCP bisa merupakan mata uang nyata atau tidak nyata.[5]
Bursa mata uang digital bisa berupa bisnis fisik atau bisnis daring semata. Sebagai bisnis fisik, ia mempertukarkan metode pembayaran tradisional dengan mata uang digital. Sebagai bisnis daring, ia mempertukarkan uang yang ditransfer secara elektronik dengan mata uang digital.[4]
Sering kali, bursa mata uang digital beroperasi di luar negara-negara Barat untuk mengindari regulasi atau tuntutan. Namun, mereka menangani mata uang-mata uang fiat Barat dan memiliki akun-akun bank di beberapa negara untuk memfasilitasi deposit di berbagai mata uang nasional.[1][2]
Bursa terdesentralisasi seperti contohnya Etherdelta, IDEX dan HADAX tidak menyimpan dana pengguna di bursa, tetapi memfasilitasi perdagangan kripto secara mitra-ke-mitra. Bursa terdesentralisasi tahan terhadap masalah-masalah keamanan yang terdampak pada bursa lain, tetapi hingga mid 2018[update] mengalami volume perdagangan yang rendah.[6]
Sejarah
Masalah regulasi pra-kripto 2004–2008
Pada tahun 2004 tiga bursa mata uang digital asal Australia ditutup atas keputusan sendiri setelah adanya penyelidikan oleh Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC). ASIC menyebut layanan yang beroperasi secara legal harus memiliki Lisensi Jasa Keuangan Australia, bursa-bursa ini tidak memiliki lisensi.[7]
Pada tahun 2006, bisnis bursa mata uang digital yang berkantor pusat di Amerika Serikat, Gold Age Inc., sebuah bisnis asal negara bagian New York, ditutup oleh U.S. Secret Service setelah beroperasi sejak tahun 2002.[8] Penggerak bisnis Arthur Budovsky dan Vladimir Kats didakwa "atas tuduhan mengoperasikan bursa mata uang digital dan bisnis pengiriman uang ilegal" di apartemen mereka, mengirim lebih dari $30 juta ke akun-akun mata uang digital.[5] Pengguna hanya memberikan dokumentasi identitas yang terbatas, dan bisa mengirim dana ke semua orang di seluruh dunia, dengan biaya layanan terkadang melebihi $100.000.[5] Budovsky dan Kats dijatuhi hukuman lima tahun penjara pada tahun 2007 "karena terlibat dalam bisnis pengiriman uang tanpa memiliki lisensi, pelanggaran pidana terhadap undang-undang perbankan negara bagian", dengan kesimpulan menerima percobaan hukuman lima tahun.[9]
Pada bulan April 2007, pemerintah Amerika Serikat memerintahkan administrasi E-Gold untuk mengunci/memblokir sekitar 58 akun E-Gold yang dimiliki dan digunakan oleh The Bullion Exchange, AnyGoldNow, IceGold, GitGold, The Denver Gold Exchange, GoldPouch Express, 1MDC (sebuah mata uang emas digital, berbasis E-Gold) dan lainnya, membuat G&SR (pemilik dari OmniPay) terpaksa melikuidasi aset yang disita.[butuh rujukan]
Beberapa minggu kemudian, E-Gold menghadapi empat dakwaan.[10]
2008–2014 advent of crypto currency
Following the launch of a decentralized cryptocurrency bitcoin in 2008 and the subsequent introduction of other cryptocurrencies, many virtual platforms were created specifically for the exchange of decentralized cryptocurrencies. Their regulation differs from country to country.
In July 2008, WebMoney changed its rules, affecting many exchanges. Since that time it became prohibited[oleh siapa?] to exchange WebMoney to the most popular e-currencies like E-gold, Liberty Reserve and others.
Also in July 2008 E-gold's three directors accepted a bargain with the prosecutors and pleaded guilty to one count of "conspiracy to engage in money laundering" and one count of the "operation of an unlicensed money transmitting business".[11] E-gold ceased operations in 2009.
In 2013, Jean-Loup Richet, a research fellow at ESSEC ISIS, surveyed new money laundering techniques that cybercriminals were using in a report written for the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.[12] A common approach to cyber money laundering was to use a digital currency exchanger service which converted dollars into Liberty Reserve and could be sent and received anonymously. The receiver could convert the Liberty Reserve currency back into cash for a small fee. In May 2013, digital currency exchanger Liberty Reserve was shut down after the alleged founder, Arthur Budovsky Belanchuk, and four others were arrested in Costa Rica, Spain, and New York "under charges for conspiracy to commit money laundering and conspiracy and operation of an unlicensed money transmitting business."[13] Budovsky, a former U.S. citizen and naturalized Costa Rican, was convicted in connection with the 2006 Gold Age raid.[9] More than $40 million in assets were placed under restraint pending forfeiture, and more than 30 Liberty Reserve exchanger domain names were seized.[13][14] The company was estimated to have laundered $6 billion in criminal proceeds.[13]
2014 to present
In February 2014, Mt. Gox, the largest cryptocurrency exchange at the time, suspended trading, closed its website and exchange service, and filed for bankruptcy protection in Japan from creditors.[15][16] In April 2014, the company began liquidation proceedings.[17] This was the result of a large theft of bitcoins that were stolen straight out of the Mt. Gox hot wallet over time, beginning in late 2011.[18][19]
In December 2021 the MyCryptoWallet exchange called in liquidators.[20]
In June 2022, the US Securities and Exchange Commission launched an enquiry into Binance as an entity and not into the crypto products it was dealing in.[21]
On 11 November 2022, FTX, which was at that time the third largest cryptocurrency exchange by volume and valued at $18 billion,[22] entered bankruptcy proceedings in the US court system, following what the exchange termed as "a liquidity crisis".[23][24][25][26] The financial impact of the collapse extended beyond the immediate FTX customer base, as reported,[27] while, at a Reuters conference, financial industry executives said that "regulators must step in to protect crypto investors."[28] Technology analyst Avivah Litan commented on the cryptocurrency ecosystem that "everything...needs to improve dramatically in terms of user experience, controls, safety, [and] customer service."[29] On 13 December 2022, FTX founder and CEO Sam Bankman-Fried, after being extradited from the Bahamas, was charged by the US attorney’s office for the southern district of New York with fraud, conspiracy to commit money laundering, and conspiracy to defraud the US and violate campaign finance laws.[30]
Contoh
Pada awal tahun 2018, Bloomberg News membuat laporan mengenai bursa-bursa kripto terbesar berdasarkan volume dan data estimasi pendapatan yang dihimpun oleh CoinMarketCap.[31] Statistik serupa tercatat di Statista dalam sebuah survei oleh Encrybit untuk memahami masalah-masalah bursa kripto. Menurut survei tersebut, berikut adalah tiga bursa kripto terbesar:
Data lain yang disebutkan di survei mencakup masalah-masalah yang dialami trader kripto dengan bursa kripto atau ekspektasi trader. Keamanan dan biaya perdagangan tinggi menjadi kekhawatiran utama.[32][33] Bursa-bursa ini tergolong baru dan dimiliki swasta. Beberapa bursa tidak melaporkan informasi dasar seperti nama pemilik, data keuangan, atau bahkan lokasi bisnis.[34]
Legislation
By 2016, several cryptocurrency exchanges operating in the European Union obtained licenses under the EU Payment Services Directive and the EU Electronic Money Directive.[35] The adequacy of such licenses for the operation of a cryptocurrency exchange has not been judicially tested. The European Council and the European Parliament announced that they will issue regulations to impose stricter rules targeting exchange platforms.
In 2018, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission maintained that "if a platform offers trading of digital assets that are securities and operates as an "exchange," as defined by the federal securities laws, then the platform must register with the SEC as a national securities exchange or be exempt from registration".[36] The Commodity Futures Trading Commission now permits the trading of cryptocurrency derivatives publicly.[37]
Among the Asian countries, Japan is more forthcoming and regulations mandate the need for a special license from the Financial Services Authority to operate a cryptocurrency exchange.[38] China and Korea remain hostile, with China banning bitcoin miners and freezing bank accounts.[39][40] While Australia is yet to announce its conclusive regulations on cryptocurrency, it does require its citizens to disclose their digital assets for capital gains tax.[41]
Lihat juga
Referensi
- ^ a b "Substantiation – Money laundering in digital currencies (Unclassified)". Money Laundering in Digital Currencies. National Drug Intelligence Center, US Department of Justice. June 2008. Diarsipkan dari versi aslinya tanggal 14 April 2022. Diakses tanggal 11 January 2014.
- ^ a b c Sood, Aditya K; Enbody, Richard J; Bansal, Rohit (2013). "Cybercrime: Dissecting the State of Underground Enterprise". IEEE Internet Computing. 17 (1). IEEE Computer Society: 60–68. doi:10.1109/MIC.2012.61. S2CID 33861214.
- ^ Byrnes, William H.; Munro, Robert J. (2 October 2013). Money Laundering, Asset Forfeiture and Recovery and Compliance – A Global Guide. LexisNexis. hlm. 2802. ISBN 978-0-327-17084-6. (Page number assigned by Google Books.)
- ^ a b c Working Group on Typologies (18 October 2010). "Draft Report on Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing through New Payment Methods" (PDF). Paris: Financial Action Task Force. Diarsipkan dari asli (PDF) tanggal 11 February 2014.
- ^ a b c d e Hesterman, Jennifer L (17 April 2013). The Terrorist-Criminal Nexus: An Alliance of International Drug Cartels, Organized Crime, and Terror Groups. CRC Press. hlm. 218. ISBN 978-1-4665-5761-1.
- ^ Russolillo, Steven; Jeong, Eun-Young (2018-07-16). "Cryptocurrency Exchanges Are Getting Hacked Because It's Easy". The Wall Street Journal (dalam bahasa American English). ISSN 0099-9660. Diarsipkan dari versi aslinya tanggal 11 September 2018. Diakses tanggal 2018-09-11.
- ^ "ASIC acts to shut down electronic currency trading websites" (Press release). Australian Securities & Investments Commission. 9 November 2004. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 23 March 2011. Diakses tanggal 9 January 2014.
- ^ McCullagh, Declan (30 March 2001). "Secret service raids Gold-Age". Wired. Diakses tanggal 9 January 2014.
- ^ a b Boddiger, David; Arias, L (24 May 2013). "Millions of dollars in limbo after shuttering of digital currency site Liberty Reserve". The Tico Times. San José, Costa Rica. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 31 December 2013. Diakses tanggal 9 January 2014.
- ^ "#07-301: 04-27-07 Digital Currency Business E-Gold Indicted for Money Laundering and Illegal Money Transmitting". Usdoj.gov. 24 April 2007. Diarsipkan dari versi aslinya tanggal 29 April 2007. Diakses tanggal 11 December 2013.
- ^ Grant Gross (22 July 2007). "IDG News Service Internet currency firm pleads guilty to money laundering". Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 14 April 2009.
- ^ Richet, Jean-Loup (June 2013). "Laundering Money Online: a review of cybercriminals methods". arΧiv:1310.2368 [cs.CY].
- ^ a b c "Written testimony of U.S. Secret Service for a Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Government Affairs hearing titled "Beyond Silk Road: Potential Risks, Threats, and Promises of Virtual Currencies"". United States Department of Homeland Security. 18 November 2013. Diarsipkan dari versi aslinya tanggal 1 April 2022. Diakses tanggal 11 January 2014.
- ^ "Digital currency biz Liberty Reserve shut down, founder arrested | by Sean Ludwig". VentureBeat. Diarsipkan dari versi aslinya tanggal 1 April 2022. Diakses tanggal 11 December 2013.
- ^ McLannahan, Ben (28 February 2014). "Bitcoin exchange Mt Gox files for bankruptcy protection". Financial Times. Diarsipkan dari versi aslinya tanggal 3 April 2022. Diakses tanggal 11 June 2018.
- ^ Abrams, Rachel; Goldstein, Matthew; Tabuchi, Hiroko (28 February 2014). "Erosion of Faith Was Death Knell for Mt. Gox". The New York Times. Diarsipkan dari versi aslinya tanggal 16 February 2022. Diakses tanggal 11 June 2018.
- ^ "Mt. Gox abandons rebuilding plans and files for liquidation: WSJ". The Verge. 16 April 2014. Diarsipkan dari versi aslinya tanggal 1 April 2022. Diakses tanggal 9 December 2017.
- ^ Nilsson, Kim (19 April 2015). "The missing MtGox bitcoins". Diarsipkan dari versi aslinya tanggal 19 April 2015. Diakses tanggal 10 December 2015.
Most or all of the missing bitcoins were stolen straight out of the Mt. Gox hot wallet over time, beginning in late 2011
- ^ Popper, Nathaniel (25 May 2016). "Mt. Gox Creditors Seek Trillions Where There Are Only Millions". The New York Times. Diarsipkan dari versi aslinya tanggal 5 July 2022. Diakses tanggal 9 December 2017.
- ^ Whitson, Rhiana (7 December 2021). "Cryptocurrency exchange MyCryptoWallet collapses, calls in liquidators". ABC News (dalam bahasa Australian English). Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Diarsipkan dari versi aslinya tanggal 7 December 2021. Diakses tanggal 7 December 2021.
- ^ "Binance.US Delists Cryptocurrency SEC Deemed A Security". Forbes. 2 August 2022. Diarsipkan dari versi aslinya tanggal 20 November 2022. Diakses tanggal 20 November 2022.
- ^ Osipovich, Alexander (20 July 2017). "Crypto Exchange FTX Valued at $18 Billion in Funding Round". The Wall Street Journal (dalam bahasa American English). ISSN 0099-9660. Diarsipkan dari versi aslinya tanggal 18 November 2022. Diakses tanggal 28 December 2022.
- ^ David Yaffe-Bellany (11 November 2022). "Embattled Crypto Exchange FTX Files for Bankruptcy". New York Times. Diarsipkan dari versi aslinya tanggal 11 November 2022. Diakses tanggal 11 November 2022.
- ^ Hill, Jeremy (11 November 2022). "FTX Goes Bankrupt in Stunning Reversal for Crypto Exchange". Bloomberg News. Diarsipkan dari versi aslinya tanggal 11 November 2022. Diakses tanggal 28 December 2022.
- ^ Ostroff, Caitlin; Ge Huang, Vicky; Gladstone, Alexander (11 November 2022). "FTX Files for Bankruptcy; Sam Bankman-Fried Steps Down as CEO". The Wall Street Journal. Diarsipkan dari versi aslinya tanggal 11 November 2022. Diakses tanggal 11 November 2022.
- ^ Macheel, Tanaya (8 November 2022). "Bitcoin briefly touches a new low for the year, FTX token plunges more than 75% in broad crypto sell-off". CNBC (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diarsipkan dari versi aslinya tanggal 8 November 2022. Diakses tanggal 2022-11-18.
- ^ Khalili, Joel (11 November 2022). "The Fallout of the FTX Collapse". Wired. Diakses tanggal 28 December 2022.
- ^ Chatterjee, Sumeet; Davies, Megan; Aftab, Ahmed; McCrank, John; Nguyen, Lananh; Howcroft, Elizabeth; Azhar, Saeed; Sinclair Foley, John (2 December 2022). "After FTX collapse, pressure builds for tougher crypto rules". Reuters. Diarsipkan dari versi aslinya tanggal 28 December 2022. Diakses tanggal 28 December 2022.
- ^ Wile, Rob (28 December 2022). "After FTX's spectacular collapse, where does crypto go from here?". NBC News. Diarsipkan dari versi aslinya tanggal 28 December 2022. Diakses tanggal 28 December 2022.
- ^ Rushe, Dominic; Kari, Paul; Hern, Alex; Helmore, Edward (28 December 2022). "FTX founder Sam Bankman-Fried charged with defrauding investors". The Guardian. Diarsipkan dari versi aslinya tanggal 31 December 2022. Diakses tanggal 31 December 2022.
- ^ Russo, Camila (5 March 2018). "Crypto Exchanges Are Raking in Billions of Dollars". Bloomberg. Diarsipkan dari versi aslinya tanggal 29 April 2022. Diakses tanggal 10 June 2018.
- ^ "Traders: biggest problems of cryptoexchanges 2018 | Statistic". Statista (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diarsipkan dari versi aslinya tanggal 12 April 2022. Diakses tanggal 2018-09-03.
- ^ "Expectations of traders from cryptocurrency exchanges 2018 | Statistic". Statista (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diarsipkan dari versi aslinya tanggal 1 April 2022. Diakses tanggal 2018-09-03.
- ^ "Leading cryptocurrency exchanges according to traders 2018 | Statistic". Statista (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diarsipkan dari versi aslinya tanggal 29 June 2022. Diakses tanggal 2018-09-02.
- ^ "Bitcoin firm bags first electronic money licence in the UK". arstechnica.com. 4 July 2016. Diarsipkan dari versi aslinya tanggal 1 April 2022. Diakses tanggal 5 April 2018.
- ^ "Statement on Potentially Unlawful Online Platforms for Trading Digital Assets". U.S. Secured and exchange commission. 7 March 2018. Diarsipkan dari versi aslinya tanggal 9 July 2022. Diakses tanggal 5 April 2018.
- ^ Cheng, Evelyn (2018-03-07). "The SEC just made it clearer that securities laws apply to most cryptocurrencies and exchanges trading them". CNBC. Diarsipkan dari versi aslinya tanggal 1 April 2022. Diakses tanggal 2018-09-03.
- ^ Cheng, Evelyn (2018-03-23). "Japanese regulator warns big cryptocurrency exchange for operating without a license, bitcoin falls". CNBC. Diarsipkan dari versi aslinya tanggal 2 September 2018. Diakses tanggal 2018-09-02.
- ^ Hsu, Sara. "China's Shutdown of Bitcoin Miners Isn't Just About Electricity". Forbes (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diarsipkan dari versi aslinya tanggal 3 September 2018. Diakses tanggal 2018-09-03.
- ^ "China's Regulators Freeze Multiple Bitcoin OTC Accounts in Latest Crackdown on Cryptocurrency". Yicai Global (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 8 January 2018. Diakses tanggal 2018-09-03.
- ^ Tax treatment of cryptocurrencies in Australia - specifically bitcoin Diarsipkan 3 September 2018 di Wayback Machine. ato.gov.au
Bacaan lebih lanjut
- Rash, Wayne (7 March 2018). "Crypto-Currency Exchanges, Coin Offerings Facing Likely SEC Regulation". eWeek. Diakses tanggal 9 March 2018.
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